ARTICLE UPDATE - The Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression of Negative Emotion.

Goldin PR, McRae K, Ramel W, Gross JJ.

Biological Psychiatry, in press

Background

Emotion regulation strategies are thought to differ in when and how they influence the emotion-generative process. However, no study to date has directly probed the neural bases of two contrasting (e.g., cognitive versus behavioral) emotion regulation strategies. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine cognitive reappraisal (a cognitive strategy thought to have its impact early in the emotion-generative process) and expressive suppression (a behavioral strategy thought to have its impact later in the emotion-generative process).

Methods

Seventeen women viewed 15 sec neutral and negative emotion-eliciting films under four conditions—watch-neutral, watch-negative, reappraise-negative, and suppress-negative—while providing emotion experience ratings and having their facial expressions videotaped.

Results

Reappraisal resulted in early (0–4.5 sec) prefrontal cortex (PFC) responses, decreased negative emotion experience, and decreased amygdala and insular responses. Suppression produced late (10.5–15 sec) PFC responses, decreased negative emotion behavior and experience, but increased amygdala and insular responses.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate the differential efficacy of reappraisal and suppression on emotional experience, facial behavior, and neural response and highlight intriguing differences in the temporal dynamics of these two emotion regulation strategies.

Key Words: Amygdala; cognitive control; emotion; emotion regulation; fMRI; insula